The ACT is the only jurisdiction in this database that lets a novice driver bypass the government practical test entirely, by completing competency based training and assessment with an accredited instructor instead.

That is a structural alternative to a queue, and it is the direct analogue of what private certifiers do for building approval: convert a single government bottleneck into a market of accredited assessors. Whether it produces equivalent safety outcomes is the question that matters, and it is the same question the certifier model raises in planning.